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Whitepapers

Explore Flare's whitepapers, research, and analytics to gain deeper insights into its technology.

Protocols​

The Flare Data Connector

This paper introduces the Flare Data Connector (FDC), an enshrined protocol using network consensus to bring external event data securely onto Flare. Confirmed attestations based on user requests are published onchain every 90 seconds.

Jan 14, 2025

FTSOv2: more data feeds and faster updates to the FTSO

This paper presents FTSOv2, an improved Flare Time Series Oracle enabling faster updates (via new block-latency feeds alongside 90s anchor feeds) and support for 1000+ data feeds efficiently, enhancing decentralized data delivery.

Sep 9, 2024

The Flare network and FLR token

Provides a foundational overview of the Flare Network, an EVM L1 featuring native blockchain data and time series data protocols for decentralized data acquisition. Covers the FLR token, delegation, consensus, governance, and tokenomics.

Dec 30, 2022

Research​

Consensus learning: A novel decentralised ensemble learning paradigm

Introduces Consensus Learning, a novel distributed machine learning paradigm combining ensemble methods with P2P consensus. This approach ensures data privacy and Byzantine fault tolerance by aggregating predictions via network consensus, supported by theoretical analysis and simulations.

Feb 25, 2024

A hybrid post-quantum digital signature scheme for the EVM

Proposes a new EVM transaction type incorporating both standard elliptic curve and CRYSTALS-Dilithium post-quantum signatures to provide quantum resistance against threats like Shor's algorithm, while maintaining network efficiency.

Jul 5, 2022

Flare Consensus Protocol

Details the Flare Consensus Protocol (FCP), a novel, leaderless, totally-ordered Federated Byzantine Agreement (FBA) construction.

Nov 5, 2019

Analytics​