# Whitepapers

> Explore Flare's whitepapers, research, and analytics to gain deeper insights into its technology.

> For the complete documentation index, see [llms.txt](/llms.txt). Markdown versions of documentation pages are available by appending `.md` to the page URL.

Source: https://dev.flare.network/support/whitepapers

Explore Flare's whitepapers, research, and analytics to gain deeper insights into its technology.

## Featured[​](#featured "Direct link to Featured")

[

The Flare Data Connector

The Flare Data Connector (FDC) enables users to register external events on Flare by submitting attestation requests, which are then validated by Flare's data providers and published on-chain every 90 seconds for use by dApps.

Jan 14, 2025

→](/pdf/whitepapers/20240224-FlareDataConnector.pdf)[

FTSOv2: more data feeds and faster updates to the FTSO

An upgraded Flare Time Series Oracle (FTSO) delivering faster updates via block-latency feeds alongside 90-second anchor feeds, while efficiently handling over 1,000 feeds.

Sep 9, 2024

→](/pdf/whitepapers/20240223-FlareTimeSeriesOracleV2.pdf)[

Consensus learning: A novel decentralised ensemble learning paradigm

A distributed Machine Learning paradigm integrating ensemble methods with P2P consensus for data privacy and Byzantine fault tolerance.

Feb 25, 2024

→](/pdf/whitepapers/20240225-ConsensusLearning.pdf)

## All Research[​](#all-research "Direct link to All Research")

[

The Flare network and FLR token

An EVM L1 blockchain with native data and time-series protocols for decentralized data acquisition, covering the FLR token, consensus, and governance.

Dec 30, 2022

→](/pdf/whitepapers/20221231-TheFlareNetworkAndFLRToken.pdf)[

A hybrid post-quantum digital signature scheme for the EVM

A new EVM transaction type that integrates ECDSA and CRYSTALS-Dilithium signatures to achieve quantum resistance against Shor's algorithm.

Jul 5, 2022

→](/pdf/whitepapers/20220722-HybridPostQuantumDigitalSignatureSchemeForTheEthereumVirtualMachine.pdf)[

Flare Consensus Protocol

A leaderless, totally-ordered Federated Byzantine Agreement construction offering efficient, scalable, and secure consensus.

Nov 5, 2019

→](/pdf/whitepapers/20191105-FlareConsensusProtocol.pdf)

  

[

Kraken exchange - FTSO price comparison

Compares FTSO price feeds against Kraken trade data using deviation bands and RRMSE, demonstrating close alignment with Kraken prices.

Apr 6, 2023

→](/pdf/whitepapers/20230406-KrakenExchange-FTSOPriceComparison.pdf)[

STP.02 - Impact of secondary FTSO reward band

Assesses STP.02's effect, showing it boosted the share of rewarded data providers - enhancing decentralization - without compromising FTSO price feed accuracy.

May 29, 2023

→](/pdf/whitepapers/20230529-SongbirdBandUpdate-ImpactOfSTP02.pdf)